List of papers and books to read
Arlikatti et al 2006, "Risk area accuracy and hurricane evacuation expectations of coastal residents," Environment and Behavior
Only 36% of the respondents correctly identified their risk areas; another 28% were off by one risk area.
Beddis, R. (1983) Maps and Mapwork -- A practical guide to maps and mapwork in the primary school, Bristol: RLDU
Blades & Spencer 1986, "Map use by young children", Geography 71:47-52
Blades & Spencer 1994, "The development of children's ability to use spatial representations," Advances in Child Development and Behavior 25:157-199. Behind paywall; note that previous research includes orienteering research.
Catling 1988: practical advice on teaching map skills in primary and middle schools
Catling 1979, "Maps and cognitive maps: the young child's perception," Geography 64:288-96
Catling 1995, "Mapping the environment with children," in M. de Villiers Developments in Primary Geography, Sheffield: Geographical Association
Cornell et al 1994, "Place recognition and way finding by children and adults," Memory & Cognition 22(6):633-643. Describes an algorithm of reversing a route by approaching places of intermediate familiarity.
Dalton et al 2019, "Wayfinding as a social activity," Front. Psychol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00142. This has many good links to research. Findings cited include:
Anxiety impairs spatial decision-making during emergency egress
Landmarks are more readily recalled when they have a positive emotional association
Distinction between locomotion and wayfinding (planning required for efficient and goal-directed navigation)
Distinguishes strong/collaborative vs weak/people-as-cues social wayfinding.
Danos & Norman 2009, "The development of a new taxonomy for graphicacy," in The Design and Technology Association International Research Conference 2009, p. 69-84.
Daugherty, R. (ed.) (1989) Geography int he National Curriculum, Sheffield: Geographical Association
Evans, G. W., & Pezdek, K. (1980). Cognitive mapping: Knowledge of real-world distance and location information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.6.1.13
3 experiments: response time on a relative distance question; spatial memory; map learning.
Glicksohn 1994, "Rotation, orientation, and cognitive mapping," The American Journal of Psychology 107(1):39-51.
Gould, P. and White, R. (1968) Mental Maps (2nd edition) (London: Allen and Unwin).
Lynch, K. (1960) The Image of the City (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press). Looked at mental maps in LA as a function of social class, ethnicity, etc.
Hunt and Waller 1999, "Orientation and wayfinding: a review"
Huttenlocher, J., Hedges, L. V., & Duncan, S. (1991). Categories and particulars: Prototype effects in estimating spatial location. Psychological Review, 98(3), 352–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.3.352
Lingwood, J., Blades, M., Farran, E. K., Courbois, Y., & Matthews, D. (2015). The development of wayfinding abilities in children: Learning routes with and without landmarks. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.008
Siegel and White 1975, "The development of spatial representations of large-scale environments," Advances in Child Development and Behavior 10:9-55
... Studies of adults' knowledge about their macroenvironment suggest that human “maps” are not literally maps. Rather, they tend to be fragmented, distorted projectively, and are often several multiple “mini-spatial-representations.” ... The development of the sequence of spatial representations in children conforms to the “main sequence” identified in the construction of spatial representation in adults.
Stevens and Coupe 1978, "Distortions in judged spatial relations," Cognitive Psychology 10(4):422-437. A hierarchical model of spatial information storage.
Thorndyke 1981, "Distance estimation from cognitive maps," Cognitive Psychology 12(4):526-550
Thorndyke and Hayes-Roth 1982, "Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation," Cognitive Psychology 14(4):560-89
Wiegand, Learning and Teaching with Maps, Routledge, 2006
Wilmot, Graphicacy as a form of communication in the primary school, thesis for MS degree at Rhodes University, January 2008.
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