List of papers and books to read

• Arlikatti et al 2006, "Risk area accuracy and hurricane evacuation expectations of coastal residents," Environment and Behavior

  • Only 36% of the respondents correctly identified their risk areas; another 28% were off by one risk area.

• Beddis, R. (1983) Maps and Mapwork -- A practical guide to maps and mapwork in the primary school, Bristol: RLDU

• Blades & Spencer 1986, "Map use by young children", Geography 71:47-52

• Blades & Spencer 1994, "The development of children's ability to use spatial representations," Advances in Child Development and Behavior 25:157-199. Behind paywall; note that previous research includes orienteering research.

• Catling 1988: practical advice on teaching map skills in primary and middle schools

• Catling 1979, "Maps and cognitive maps: the young child's perception," Geography 64:288-96

• Catling 1995, "Mapping the environment with children," in M. de Villiers Developments in Primary Geography, Sheffield: Geographical Association

• Cornell et al 1994, "Place recognition and way finding by children and adults," Memory & Cognition 22(6):633-643. Describes an algorithm of reversing a route by approaching places of intermediate familiarity.

• Dalton et al 2019, "Wayfinding as a social activity," Front. Psychol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00142. This has many good links to research. Findings cited include:

  • Anxiety impairs spatial decision-making during emergency egress

  • Landmarks are more readily recalled when they have a positive emotional association

  • Distinction between locomotion and wayfinding (planning required for efficient and goal-directed navigation)

  • Distinguishes strong/collaborative vs weak/people-as-cues social wayfinding.

• Danos & Norman 2009, "The development of a new taxonomy for graphicacy," in The Design and Technology Association International Research Conference 2009, p. 69-84.

• Daugherty, R. (ed.) (1989) Geography int he National Curriculum, Sheffield: Geographical Association

• Evans, G. W., & Pezdek, K. (1980). Cognitive mapping: Knowledge of real-world distance and location information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.6.1.13

  • 3 experiments: response time on a relative distance question; spatial memory; map learning.

• Glicksohn 1994, "Rotation, orientation, and cognitive mapping," The American Journal of Psychology 107(1):39-51.

• Gould, P. and White, R. (1968) Mental Maps (2nd edition) (London: Allen and Unwin).

  Lynch, K. (1960) The Image of the City (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press). Looked at mental maps in LA as a function of social class, ethnicity, etc.

• Hunt and Waller 1999, "Orientation and wayfinding: a review"

• Huttenlocher, J., Hedges, L. V., & Duncan, S. (1991). Categories and particulars: Prototype effects in estimating spatial location. Psychological Review, 98(3), 352–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.3.352

• Lingwood, J., Blades, M., Farran, E. K., Courbois, Y., & Matthews, D. (2015). The development of wayfinding abilities in children: Learning routes with and without landmarks. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.008

• Siegel and White 1975, "The development of spatial representations of large-scale environments," Advances in Child Development and Behavior 10:9-55

  • ... Studies of adults' knowledge about their macroenvironment suggest that human “maps” are not literally maps. Rather, they tend to be fragmented, distorted projectively, and are often several multiple “mini-spatial-representations.” ... The development of the sequence of spatial representations in children conforms to the “main sequence” identified in the construction of spatial representation in adults.

• Stevens and Coupe 1978, "Distortions in judged spatial relations," Cognitive Psychology 10(4):422-437. A hierarchical model of spatial information storage.

• Thorndyke 1981, "Distance estimation from cognitive maps," Cognitive Psychology 12(4):526-550

• Thorndyke and Hayes-Roth 1982, "Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation," Cognitive Psychology 14(4):560-89

• Wiegand, Learning and Teaching with Maps, Routledge, 2006

• Wilmot, Graphicacy as a form of communication in the primary school, thesis for MS degree at Rhodes University, January 2008.